Inequalities and health behaviours
Inequalities and health behaviours
Consultants, I believe, are fond of saying, "If you can't measure it, you can't manage it," and I have a lot of sympathy with that view. So, while Government target-setting may be reduced, the need for recent, local figures is not.
We have often been asked to investigate the differences in the patterns of habits between members of different schools and different counties. Of greater recent interest has been to examine differences between pupils of different backgrounds or different identities. Through these analyses it may be hoped that clients get a better grasp of local patterns, and an insight into what to do about them.
An example of this analysis is shown here. We selected a number of measures of inequality:
- Living in an area of known high deprivation (two parishes)
- Few books at home
- Ethnic minority
- Single parent family
- Young carer
- Own mobile phone and have Internet at home
We then looked at a variety of measures to see if the selected groups seemed any different from the whole sample. The last group of course we might hope is free of deprivation.
|
All Y10 |
Deprivation area |
Few books at home |
Ethnic minority |
Single parent |
Young carer |
Mobile+ Internet |
Generally happy with life |
66 |
63 |
56 |
46 |
59 |
79 |
68 |
Want to be in education full-time post-16 |
48 |
43 |
*32 |
50 |
*30 |
16 |
49 |
Regular paid job during term-time |
42 |
39 |
56 |
42 |
40 |
26 |
42 |
Nothing at all to eat or drink |
14 |
18 |
11 |
19 |
10 |
17 |
15 |
5+ portions of fruit/vegetables yesterday |
21 |
21 |
13 |
38 |
13 |
26 |
22 |
Consider health when choosing what to eat |
15 |
13 |
8 |
6 |
9 |
16 |
16 |
Exercised hard 3+ times last week |
28 |
24 |
22 |
33 |
22 |
5 |
29 |
Main source of sex information = ideal source |
62 |
65 |
62 |
71 |
64 |
53 |
56 |
Sexually active |
25 |
29 |
*45 |
*50 |
33 |
32 |
23 |
Aware of local sexual health service |
78 |
81 |
67 |
86 |
85 |
74 |
80 |
Often feel afraid going to school because of bullying |
3 |
5 |
*10 |
0 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
Victim of violence or aggression last year |
10 |
10 |
22 |
23 |
17 |
5 |
9 |
Carry protection when going out |
7 |
6 |
10 |
8 |
2 |
11 |
6 |
Drank alcohol last week |
47 |
48 |
56 |
64 |
45 |
53 |
46 |
Smoked last week |
44 |
*55 |
*62 |
50 |
*58 |
45 |
40 |
Ever used drugs |
14 |
20 |
*30 |
27 |
23 |
16 |
12 |
N |
447 |
152 |
74 |
21 |
59 |
19 |
354 |
* Difference from whole Y10 result is statistically significant (p<0.05)
Some points to note:
- Deprivation generally is associated with more health-risky behaviour and less health-promoting behaviour.
- Some of the unmarked differences look quite interesting (particularly in the Ethnic Minority column) but the sample sizes are not large enough for us to say with sufficient confidence that the differences are real and not due to chance
-
Of all the measures of inequality, the one producing the most significant differences is how many books are there at home: we have no direct measure of social class or deprivation in this particular study, but when we do, this is usually found to be a major source of differences.